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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry P17516


[Entry info] [Name and origin] [References] [Comments] [Cross-references] [Keywords] [Features] [Sequence] [Tools]

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Entry information
Entry name AK1C4_HUMAN
Primary accession number P17516
Secondary accession numbers Q5T6A3 Q8WW84 Q9NS54
Integrated into Swiss-Prot on August 1, 1990
Sequence was last modified on October 1, 1996 (Sequence version 2)
Annotations were last modified on    July 22, 2008 (Entry version 103)
Name and origin of the protein
Protein name Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4
Synonyms EC 1.1.1.-
Chlordecone reductase
CDR
EC 1.1.1.225
3-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I
EC 1.1.1.50
3-alpha-HSD1
Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 4
DD-4
DD4
HAKRA
Gene name
Name: AKR1C4
Synonyms: CHDR
From
Homo sapiens (Human) [TaxID: 9606] 
Taxonomy Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo.
Protein existence 1: Evidence at protein level;
References
[1]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
TISSUE=Liver;
DOI=10.1016/0960-0760(93)90308-J; PubMed=8274401 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Qin K.-N., New M.I., Cheng K.-C.;
"Molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding human enzymes structurally related to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.";
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 46:673-679(1993).
[2]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA], AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
DOI=10.1074/jbc.270.34.20162; PubMed=7650035 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Khanna M., Qin K.-N., Wang R.W., Cheng K.-C.;
"Substrate specificity, gene structure, and tissue-specific distribution of multiple human 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.";
J. Biol. Chem. 270:20162-20168(1995).
[3]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
DOI=10.1016/0960-0760(95)00019-V; PubMed=7626489 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Khanna M., Qin K.-N., Cheng K.-C.;
"Distribution of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat brain and molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding structurally related proteins in humans.";
J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 53:41-46(1995).
[4]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], AND VARIANTS CYS-145 AND VAL-311.
TISSUE=Liver;
PubMed=10634139 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Kume T., Iwasa H., Shiraishi H., Yokoi T., Nagashima K., Otsuka M., Terada T., Takagi T., Hara A., Kamataki T.;
"Characterization of a novel variant (S145C/L311V) of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase in human liver.";
Pharmacogenetics 9:763-771(1999).
[5]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA].
TISSUE=Liver;
PubMed=10672042 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Nishizawa M., Nakajima T., Yasuda K., Kanzaki H., Sasaguri Y., Watanabe K., Ito S.;
"Close kinship of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene with three aldo-keto reductase genes.";
Genes Cells 5:111-125(2000).
[6]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], CHARACTERIZATION OF 3-ALPHA-HSD ACTIVITY, AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY.
TISSUE=Liver;
DOI=10.1210/jc.86.2.841; PubMed=11158055 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Dufort I., Labrie F., Luu-The V.;
"Human types 1 and 3 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: differential lability and tissue distribution.";
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86:841-846(2001).
[7]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE GENOMIC DNA], AND VARIANT GLN-250.
DOI=10.1038/nature02462; PubMed=15164054 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Deloukas P., Earthrowl M.E., Grafham D.V., Rubenfield M., French L., Steward C.A., Sims S.K., Jones M.C., Searle S., Scott C., Howe K., Hunt S.E., Andrews T.D., Gilbert J.G.R., Swarbreck D., Ashurst J.L., Taylor A., Battles J., Bird C.P., Ainscough R., Almeida J.P., Ashwell R.I.S., Ambrose K.D., Babbage A.K., Bagguley C.L., Bailey J., Banerjee R., Bates K., Beasley H., Bray-Allen S., Brown A.J., Brown J.Y., Burford D.C., Burrill W., Burton J., Cahill P., Camire D., Carter N.P., Chapman J.C., Clark S.Y., Clarke G., Clee C.M., Clegg S., Corby N., Coulson A., Dhami P., Dutta I., Dunn M., Faulkner L., Frankish A., Frankland J.A., Garner P., Garnett J., Gribble S., Griffiths C., Grocock R., Gustafson E., Hammond S., Harley J.L., Hart E., Heath P.D., Ho T.P., Hopkins B., Horne J., Howden P.J., Huckle E., Hynds C., Johnson C., Johnson D., Kana A., Kay M., Kimberley A.M., Kershaw J.K., Kokkinaki M., Laird G.K., Lawlor S., Lee H.M., Leongamornlert D.A., Laird G., Lloyd C., Lloyd D.M., Loveland J., Lovell J., McLaren S., McLay K.E., McMurray A., Mashreghi-Mohammadi M., Matthews L., Milne S., Nickerson T., Nguyen M., Overton-Larty E., Palmer S.A., Pearce A.V., Peck A.I., Pelan S., Phillimore B., Porter K., Rice C.M., Rogosin A., Ross M.T., Sarafidou T., Sehra H.K., Shownkeen R., Skuce C.D., Smith M., Standring L., Sycamore N., Tester J., Thorpe A., Torcasso W., Tracey A., Tromans A., Tsolas J., Wall M., Walsh J., Wang H., Weinstock K., West A.P., Willey D.L., Whitehead S.L., Wilming L., Wray P.W., Young L., Chen Y., Lovering R.C., Moschonas N.K., Siebert R., Fechtel K., Bentley D., Durbin R.M., Hubbard T., Doucette-Stamm L., Beck S., Smith D.R., Rogers J.;
"The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.";
Nature 429:375-381(2004).
[8]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA], AND VARIANT TYR-170.
TISSUE=Liver;
DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504; PubMed=15489334 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
The MGC Project Team;
"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).";
Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).
[9]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 2-323.
TISSUE=Liver;
DOI=10.1021/bi00456a034; PubMed=2187532 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Winters C.J., Molowa D.T., Guzelian P.S.;
"Isolation and characterization of cloned cDNAs encoding human liver chlordecone reductase.";
Biochemistry 29:1080-1087(1990).
[10]
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA] OF 3-323, AND PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 5-29; 76-131; 184-201 AND 271-294.
TISSUE=Liver;
PubMed=8172617 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Deyashiki Y., Ogasawara A., Nakayama T., Nakanishi M., Miyabe Y., Sato K., Hara A.;
"Molecular cloning of two human liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isoenzymes that are identical with chlordecone reductase and bile-acid binder.";
Biochem. J. 299:545-552(1994).
[11]
PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 40-54; 105-121; 162-175; 184-196; 277-291 AND 307-321, AND CHARACTERIZATION AS 3-ALPHA-HSD.
DOI=10.1016/0006-291X(92)91260-W; PubMed=1530633 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Binstock J.M., Iyer R.B., Hamby C.V., Fried V.A., Schwartz I.S., Weinstein B.I., Southren A.L.;
"Human hepatic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: possible identity with human hepatic chlordecone reductase.";
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 187:760-766(1992).
[12]
PHOSPHORYLATION [LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS] AT TYR-196, AND MASS SPECTROMETRY.
TISSUE=Epithelium;
DOI=10.1021/pr070152u; PubMed=17924679 [NCBI, ExPASy, EBI, Israel, Japan]
Yu L.-R., Zhu Z., Chan K.C., Issaq H.J., Dimitrov D.S., Veenstra T.D.;
"Improved titanium dioxide enrichment of phosphopeptides from HeLa cells and high confident phosphopeptide identification by cross-validation of MS/MS and MS/MS/MS spectra.";
J. Proteome Res. 6:4150-4162(2007).
[13]
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (2.4 ANGSTROMS) IN COMPLEX WITH NADP.
Structural genomics consortium (SGC);
"Crystal structure of human 3-alpha hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (AKR1C4) complexed with NADP+.";
Submitted (FEB-2006) to the PDB data bank.
Comments
  • FUNCTION: Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also has some 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The biotransformation of the pesticide chlordecone (kepone) to its corresponding alcohol leads to increased biliary excretion of the pesticide and concomitant reduction of its neurotoxicity since bile is the major excretory route.
  • CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: Chlordecone alcohol + NADP+ = chlordecone + NADPH.
  • CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: Androsterone + NAD(P)+ = 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione + NAD(P)H.
  • SUBUNIT: Monomer.
  • SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.
  • TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Liver specific.
  • PTM: The N-terminus is blocked.
  • POLYMORPHISM: The allele with Cys-145/Val-311 shows a three- to five-fold decrease in catalytic efficiency for xenobiotic and steroidal substrates compared to the Ser-145/Leu-311 allele.
  • SIMILARITY: Belongs to the aldo/keto reductase family.
Copyright
Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see http://www.uniprot.org/terms. Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License.
Cross-references
Sequence databases
EMBL
S68287; AAD14010.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AB045829; BAA99542.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AB031085; BAA92885.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AB032163; BAA92893.1; -; Genomic_DNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
AL355303; CAI14202.1; -; Genomic_DNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
BC020744; AAH20744.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
M33375; AAA35658.1; ALT_INIT; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
D26125; BAA05122.1; -; mRNA.[EMBL / GenBank / DDBJ] [CoDingSequence]
PIR A57407; A57407.
S59620; S59620.
RefSeq NP_001809.2; -.
UniGene Hs.567245
3D structure databases
PDB
2FVL; X-ray; 2.40 A; A/B/C=1-323.[ExPASy / RCSB / EBI]
PDBsum 2FVL; -.
ModBase P17516.
PTM databases
PhosphoSite P17516; -.
Enzyme and pathway databases
Reactome REACT_602; Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.
Organism-specific databases
H-InvDB HIX0008607; -.
HGNC HGNC:387; AKR1C4.
GenAtlas AKR1C4.
HPA CAB006258; -.
MIM 600451; gene. [NCBI / EBI]
PharmGKB PA24680; -.
GeneCards P17516.
Gene expression databases
ArrayExpress P17516; -.
CleanEx HS_AKR1C4; -.
GermOnline ENSG00000198610; Homo sapiens.
Ontologies
GO
GO:0005829; Cellular component: cytosol (inferred from experiment from Reactome).
GO:0004033; Molecular function: aldo-keto reductase activity (traceable author statement from ProtInc).
GO:0015125; Molecular function: bile acid transmembrane transporter activity (traceable author statement from ProtInc).
GO:0009055; Molecular function: electron carrier activity (traceable author statement from UniProtKB).
GO:0008209; Biological process: androgen metabolic process (traceable author statement from ProtInc).
GO:0015721; Biological process: bile acid and bile salt transport (traceable author statement from ProtInc).
QuickGo view.
Family and domain databases
InterPro IPR001395; Aldo/ket_red.
Graphical view of domain structure.
Gene3D G3DSA:3.20.20.100; Aldo/ket_red; 1.
PANTHER PTHR11732; Aldo/ket_red; 1.
Pfam PF00248; Aldo_ket_red; 1.
Pfam graphical view of domain structure.
PRINTS PR00069; ALDKETRDTASE.
ProDom PD000288; Aldo/ket_red; 1.
[Domain structure / List of seq. sharing at least 1 domain]
PROSITE PS00798; ALDOKETO_REDUCTASE_1; 1.
PS00062; ALDOKETO_REDUCTASE_2; 1.
PS00063; ALDOKETO_REDUCTASE_3; 1.
BLOCKS P17516.
Genome annotation databases
Ensembl ENSG00000198610; Homo sapiens. [Contig view]
GeneID 1109; -.
KEGG hsa:1109; -.
Phylogenomic databases
HOGENOM P17516; -.
HOVERGEN P17516; -.
Other
DrugBank DB00157; NADH.
LinkHub P17516; -.
SOURCE AKR1C4; Homo sapiens.
ProtoNet P17516.
UniRef View cluster of proteins with at least 50% / 90% / 100% identity.
Keywords
3D-structure; Cytoplasm; Direct protein sequencing; NADP; Oxidoreductase; Phosphoprotein; Polymorphism.
Features
SEVIEWER logo Feature table viewer
KeyFrom   To Length Description FTId
CHAIN   1   323  323     Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4. PRO_0000124640
NP_BIND   13    22  10     NADP (By similarity). 
NP_BIND   217   280  64     NADP. 
ACT_SITE   55    55        Proton donor (By similarity). 
BINDING   50    50        NADP. 
BINDING   117   117        NADP (By similarity). 
BINDING   117   117        Substrate (By similarity). 
SITE   54    54  1     Important for substrate specificity (By similarity). 
SITE   84    84  1     Lowers pKa of active site Tyr (By similarity). 
MOD_RES   196   196        Phosphotyrosine. 
VARIANT   135   135  1     G -> E (in dbSNP:rs11253043 [NCBI]). VAR_028240 [3D]
VARIANT   145   145  1     S -> C (in dbSNP:rs3829125 [NCBI]). VAR_013290 [3D]
VARIANT   170   170  1     C -> Y (in dbSNP:rs17851824 [NCBI]). VAR_028241 [3D]
VARIANT   250   250  1     R -> Q (in dbSNP:rs4880718 [NCBI]). VAR_028242 [3D]
VARIANT   311   311  1     L -> V (in dbSNP:rs17134592 [NCBI]). VAR_013291 [3D]
HELIX   3     5  3      
STRAND   7     9  3      
STRAND   15    22  8      
HELIX   33    44  12      
STRAND   48    50  3      
HELIX   53    55  3      
HELIX   58    71  14      
HELIX   76    78  3      
STRAND   80    85  6      
HELIX   87    89  3      
HELIX   92   106  15      
STRAND   111   117  7      
STRAND   124   126  3      
HELIX   144   156  13      
STRAND   159   167  9      
HELIX   170   177  8      
STRAND   187   192  6      
HELIX   200   208  9      
STRAND   212   217  6      
TURN   225   227  3      
HELIX   235   237  3      
HELIX   239   247  9      
HELIX   252   262  11      
STRAND   266   270  5      
HELIX   274   280  7      
HELIX   281   285  5      
HELIX   290   297  8      
HELIX   309   311  3      
STRAND   318   321  4      
Sequence information
Length: 323 AA [This is the length of the unprocessed precursor] Molecular weight: 37095 Da [This is the MW of the unprocessed precursor] CRC64: E72B028441C24358 [This is a checksum on the sequence]
        10         20         30         40         50         60 
MDPKYQRVEL NDGHFMPVLG FGTYAPPEVP RNRAVEVTKL AIEAGFRHID SAYLYNNEEQ 

        70         80         90        100        110        120 
VGLAIRSKIA DGSVKREDIF YTSKLWCTFF QPQMVQPALE SSLKKLQLDY VDLYLLHFPM 

       130        140        150        160        170        180 
ALKPGETPLP KDENGKVIFD TVDLSATWEV MEKCKDAGLA KSIGVSNFNC RQLEMILNKP 

       190        200        210        220        230        240 
GLKYKPVCNQ VECHPYLNQS KLLDFCKSKD IVLVAHSALG TQRHKLWVDP NSPVLLEDPV 

       250        260        270        280        290        300 
LCALAKKHKR TPALIALRYQ LQRGVVVLAK SYNEQRIREN IQVFEFQLTS EDMKVLDGLN 

       310        320 
RNYRYVVMDF LMDHPDYPFS DEY 

P17516 in FASTA format

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